On October 8, the National Health Commission held a press conference focused on the impact of seasonal changes on health. During this event, Chang Zhaorui, a researcher from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, pointed out that the autumn and winter months are when respiratory infectious diseases peak. He emphasized that both patients and asymptomatic carriers can be sources of infection, with numerous pathogens—including viruses, bacteria, chlamydia, and mycoplasma—responsible for these diseases.

The viruses of particular concern include influenza, COVID-19, respiratory syncytial virus, and adenovirus. On the bacterial side, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Bordetella pertussis (known for causing whooping cough), Group A β-hemolytic streptococcus (linked to scarlet fever), and Neisseria meningitidis (which can lead to meningococcal meningitis) are noteworthy. Additionally, mycoplasma pneumoniae and chlamydia pneumoniae are also significant contributors.

Chang elaborated on how various respiratory infectious diseases stem from different pathogens, each with distinct incubation periods—the time from exposure to the onset of illness. For instance, the incubation period for influenza typically ranges from one to four days, with two days being the most common timeframe, while whooping cough has a period of about seven to ten days. He mentioned that those interested in specifics about different pathogens and their incubation periods can refer to relevant literature. Not everyone exposed to respiratory pathogens will necessarily fall ill; the likelihood of developing an infection is influenced by several factors, including the type of pathogen, its infectiousness, an individual’s immune status, overall health, exposure level, and protective measures taken.

Chang stressed the importance of focusing on young children and the elderly in the prevention and control of respiratory infectious diseases. To enhance safety, he recommended several strategies. First, individuals should stay on track with the immunization schedule for vaccine-preventable respiratory infections and ensure vaccinations are taken on time. Second, during peak infection seasons, it’s advisable for seniors and young children to steer clear of crowded, enclosed spaces. When attendance is unavoidable, wearing masks properly is vital to reduce the risk of infection. Third, he emphasized the necessity of regular health monitoring for the elderly and young children. Should symptoms such as fever or cough develop, seeking prompt medical attention and adhering to safety protocols for treatment is essential. Moreover, during medical visits, both patients and those accompanying them should take precautions to prevent cross-infection. Lastly, if a respiratory infection occurs within a household, it’s crucial to minimize close contact with other family members, particularly the elderly and children, to help curb the spread of illness.